Chapter 5

1.) Summary: The reading introduces two new advances in graphic design: Xylography (technical term for relief printing) and Typography (Term for single and moveable blocks with a raised letterform on them). These innovations and also paper being invented made the demand for books higher as well as increased the amount of literate people. The watermark was also invented during this time for trademark purposes. At this time playing cards became extremely popular, and they were the first form of block printing. The ars moriendi, a book with 11 illustrations that showed the devil's temptation and an angels comfort, was one of the first block printed books. Many times the illustrations were printed and then later colored in and they were only printed on one side due to the pressure of the printing on the paper. Johann Gensfleisch Gutenberg was the first person that was able to make a typographic book possible to make by bringing necessary complex systems and subsystems. The first typographic book created by Gutenberg, was the 42-line Bible. Gutenberg had created a type of mold for the letters that casted soft enough but was able to sustain many printings which was a combination of 80% lead, 5% tin and 15% antimony. Gutenberg also developed an ink that was better to print on paper with and also a press which was used for a while and modified later on. With typographic printing becoming more popular, Gutenberg began to create a typographic Bible which ended up being 1,282 pages consisting of two lines per column. The project was not yet finished when Johann Fust decided to sue Gutenberg, and soon gained all of Gutenberg's printing equipment and the project. He and Peter Schoeffer, who was formerly Gutenberg's skilled assistant and printer, teamed up to become the most important printing firm everywhere. They made innovations such as 2-color initials and a small sized style of typing which saved space. Printing was soon spread to outside areas such as France, when a war broke out and many printers fled to outside countries. While typographical printing was invented, a person referred to as the "Master of Playing Cards" made earliest copper-plate engravings. 

2.) I thought it was terrible that people such as Johann Fust were out to get Gutenberg's ideas and printing equipment throughout the being of typography. Gutenberg seemed like a very creative and knowledgeable man and I didn't think it was really fair that people got credit for his ideas.

3.) I have no questions.